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windows/security/information-protection/bitlocker/prepare-your-organization-for-bitlocker-planning-and-policies.md
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@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ ms.custom: bitlocker
- Windows 10
This topic for the IT professional explains how can you plan your BitLocker deployment.
This topic explains how to plan your BitLocker deployment.
When you design your BitLocker deployment strategy, define the appropriate policies and configuration requirements based on the business requirements of your organization. The following topics will help you collect information that you can use to frame your decision-making process about deploying and managing BitLocker systems.
When you design your BitLocker deployment strategy, define the appropriate policies and configuration requirements based on the business requirements of your organization. The following topics help you collect information that you can use to frame your decision-making process about deploying and managing BitLocker systems.
## Audit your environment
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Use the following questions to help you document your organization's current dis
1. Are there policies to address which computers will use BitLocker and which computers will not use BitLocker?
2. What policies exist to control recovery password and recovery key storage?
3. What are the policies for validating the identity of users that need to perform BitLocker recovery?
3. What are the policies for validating the identity of users who need to perform BitLocker recovery?
4. What policies exist to control who in the organization has access to recovery data?
5. What policies exist to control computer decommissioning or retirement?
@ -51,17 +51,18 @@ The trusted platform module (TPM) is a hardware component installed in many newe
In addition, BitLocker offers the option to lock the normal startup process until the user supplies a personal identification number (PIN) or inserts a removable USB device, such as a flash drive, that contains a startup key. These additional security measures provide multifactor authentication and assurance that the computer will not start or resume from hibernation until the correct PIN or startup key is presented.
On computers that do not have a TPM version 1.2 or higher, you can still use BitLocker to encrypt the Windows operating system volume. However, this implementation will require the user to insert a USB startup key to start the computer or resume from hibernation, and does not provide the pre-startup system integrity verification offered by BitLocker working with a TPM.
On computers that do not have TPM 1.2 or higher versions, you can still use BitLocker to encrypt the Windows operating system volume. However, this implementation requires the user to insert a USB startup key to start the computer or resume it from hibernation, and does not provide the pre-startup system integrity verification offered by BitLocker working with a TPM.
### BitLocker key protectors
| Key protector | Description |
| - | - |
| TPM | A hardware device used to help establish a secure root-of-trust. BitLocker only supports TPM version 1.2 or higher.|
| TPM | A hardware device used to help establish a secure root-of-trust. BitLocker only supports TPM 1.2 or higher versions.|
| PIN | A user-entered numeric key protector that can only be used in addition to the TPM.|
| Enhanced PIN | A user-entered alphanumeric key protector that can only be used in addition to the TPM.|
| Startup key | An encryption key that can be stored on most removable media. This key protector can be used alone on non-TPM computers, or in conjunction with a TPM for added security.|
| Recovery password | A 48-digit number used to unlock a volume when it is in recovery mode. Numbers can often be typed on a regular keyboard, if the numbers on the normal keyboard are not responding you can always use the function keys (F1-F10) to input the numbers.|
**Question:Is the conjunction with a TPM on TPM-enabled computers? The flow of the sentence requires the mention of the computer type**
| Recovery password | A 48-digit number used to unlock a volume when it is in recovery mode. Numbers can often be typed on a regular keyboard. If the numbers on the normal keyboard are not responding, you can always use the function keys (F1-F10) to input the numbers.|
| Recovery key| An encryption key stored on removable media that can be used for recovering data encrypted on a BitLocker volume.|
### BitLocker authentication methods
@ -69,24 +70,25 @@ On computers that do not have a TPM version 1.2 or higher, you can still use Bi
| Authentication method | Requires user interaction | Description |
| - | - | - |
| TPM only| No| TPM validates early boot components.|
| TPM + PIN | Yes| TPM validates early boot components. The user must enter the correct PIN before the start-up process can continue, and before the drive can be unlocked. The TPM will enter lockout if the incorrect PIN is entered repeatedly to protect the PIN from brute force attacks. The number of repeated attempts that will trigger a lockout is variable.|
| TPM + PIN | Yes| TPM validates early boot components. The user must enter the correct PIN before the start-up process can continue, and before the drive can be unlocked. The TPM enters lockout if the incorrect PIN is entered repeatedly, to protect the PIN from brute force attacks. The number of repeated attempts that will trigger a lockout is variable.|
| TPM + Network key | No | The TPM successfully validates early boot components, and a valid encrypted network key has been provided from the WDS server. This authentication method provides automatic unlock of operating system volumes at system reboot while still maintaining multifactor authentication. |
| TPM + startup key| Yes| The TPM successfully validates early boot components, and a USB flash drive containing the startup key has been inserted.|
| Startup key only | Yes| The user is prompted to insert the USB flash drive that holds the recovery key and/or startup key and reboot the computer.|
**Will you support computers without TPM version 1.2 or higher?**
**Will you support computers without TPM 1.2 or higher versions?**
Determine whether you will support computers that do not have a TPM version 1.2 or higher in your environment. If you choose to support BitLocker on this type of computer, a user must use a USB startup key to boot the system. This requires additional support processes similar to multifactor authentication.
Determine whether you will support computers that do not have a TPM 1.2 or higher versions in your environment. If you choose to support BitLocker on this type of computer, a user must use a USB startup key to boot the system. This requires additional support processes similar to multifactor authentication.
**What areas of your organization need a baseline level of data protection?**
The TPM-only authentication method will provide the most transparent user experience for organizations that need a baseline level of data protection to meet security policies. It has the lowest total cost of ownership. TPM-only might also be more appropriate for computers that are unattended or that must reboot unattended.
The TPM-only authentication method provides the most transparent user experience for organizations that need a baseline level of data protection to meet security policies. It has the lowest total cost of ownership. TPM-only might also be more appropriate for computers that are unattended or that must reboot unattended.
**Question: Does reboot unattended imply reboot automatically?**
However, TPM-only authentication method offers the lowest level of data protection. This authentication method protects against attacks that modify early boot components, but the level of protection can be affected by potential weaknesses in hardware or in the early boot components. BitLocker’s multifactor authentication methods significantly increase the overall level of data protection.
**What areas of your organization need a more secure level of data protection?**
If there are areas of your organization where data residing on user computers is considered highly-sensitive, consider the best practice of deploying BitLocker with multifactor authentication on those systems. Requiring the user to input a PIN significantly increases the level of protection for the system. You can also use BitLocker Network Unlock to allow these computers to automatically unlock when connected to a trusted wired network that can provide the Network Unlock key.
If there are areas of your organization in which user systems with highly sensitive data are found, consider the best practice of deploying BitLocker with multifactor authentication on those systems. Requiring the user to input a PIN significantly increases the level of protection for the system. You can also use BitLocker Network Unlock feature to allow these computers to automatically unlock when connected to a trusted wired network that can provide the Network Unlock key.
**What multifactor authentication method does your organization prefer?**
@ -94,23 +96,23 @@ The protection differences provided by multifactor authentication methods cannot
## TPM hardware configurations
In your deployment plan, identify what TPM-based hardware platforms will be supported. Document the hardware models from an OEM of your choice, so that their configurations can be tested and supported. TPM hardware requires special consideration during all aspects of planning and deployment.
In your deployment plan, identify what TPM-based hardware platforms will be supported. Document the hardware models from an OEM of your choice so that their configurations can be tested and supported. TPM hardware requires special consideration during all aspects of planning and deployment.
### TPM 1.2 states and initialization
For TPM 1.2, there are multiple possible states. Windows 10 automatically initializes the TPM, which brings it to an enabled, activated, and owned state. This is the state that BitLocker requires before it can use the TPM.
For TPM 1.2, there are multiple possible states. Windows 10 automatically initializes the TPM that is then brought to an enabled, activated, and owned state. This is the state that BitLocker requires before it can use the TPM.
### Endorsement keys
For a TPM to be usable by BitLocker, it must contain an endorsement key, which is an RSA key pair. The private half of the key pair is held inside the TPM and is never revealed or accessible outside the TPM. If the TPM does not contain an endorsement key, BitLocker will force the TPM to generate one automatically as part of BitLocker setup.
For a TPM to be usable by BitLocker, it must contain an endorsement key, which is an RSA key pair. The private half of the key pair is held inside the TPM and is never revealed or accessible outside the TPM. If the TPM does not contain an endorsement key, BitLocker forces the TPM to generate one automatically as part of BitLocker setup.
An endorsement key can be created at various points in the TPM’s lifecycle, but needs to be created only once for the lifetime of the TPM. If an endorsement key does not exist for the TPM, it must be created before TPM ownership can be taken.
An endorsement key can be created at various points in the TPM’s lifecycle, but it needs to be created only once for the lifetime of the TPM. If an endorsement key does not exist for the TPM, it must be created before TPM ownership can be taken.
For more information about the TPM and the TCG, see the Trusted Computing Group: Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Specifications (<https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=69584>).
## Non-TPM hardware configurations
Devices that do not include a TPM can still be protected by drive encryption. Windows To Go workspaces can be BitLocker protected using a startup password and PCs without a TPM can use a startup key.
Devices that do not include a TPM can still be protected by drive encryption. Windows To Go workspaces can be BitLocker-protected using a startup password, and PCs without a TPM can use a startup key.
Use the following questions to identify issues that might affect your deployment in a non-TPM configuration:
@ -118,16 +120,16 @@ Use the following questions to identify issues that might affect your deployment
- Do you have budget for USB flash drives for each of these computers?
- Do your existing non-TPM devices support USB devices at boot time?
Test your individual hardware platforms with the BitLocker system check option while you are enabling BitLocker. The system check will ensure that BitLocker can read the recovery information from a USB device and encryption keys correctly before it encrypts the volume. CD and DVD drives cannot act as a block storage device and cannot be used to store the BitLocker recovery material.
Test your individual hardware platforms with the **BitLocker system check** option while you are enabling BitLocker. The system check ensures that BitLocker can read the recovery information from a USB device and encryption keys correctly before it encrypts the volume. CD and DVD drives cannot act as a block storage device and cannot be used to store the BitLocker recovery material.
## Disk configuration considerations
To function correctly, BitLocker requires a specific disk configuration. BitLocker requires two partitions that meet the following requirements:
- The operating system partition contains the operating system and its support files; it must be formatted with the NTFS file system
- The system partition (or boot partition) contains the files that are needed to load Windows after the BIOS or UEFI firware has prepared the system hardware. BitLocker is not enabled on this partition. For BitLocker to work, the system partition must not be encrypted and must be on a different partition than the operating system. On UEFI platforms the system partition must be formatted with the FAT 32 file system. On BIOS platforms the system partition must be formatted with the NTFS file system. It should be at least 350 MB in size
- The operating system partition contains the operating system and its support files; it must be formatted with the NTFS file system.
- The system partition (or boot partition) contains the files that are needed to load Windows after the BIOS or UEFI firware has prepared the system hardware. BitLocker is not enabled on this partition. For BitLocker to work, the system partition must not be encrypted and must be on a different partition than the operating system. On UEFI platforms, the system partition must be formatted with the FAT 32 file system. On BIOS platforms, the system partition must be formatted with the NTFS file system. It should be at least 350 MB in size.
Windows setup will automatically configure the disk drives of your computer to support BitLocker encryption.
Windows setup automatically configures the disk drives of your computer to support BitLocker encryption.
Windows Recovery Environment (Windows RE) is an extensible recovery platform that is based on Windows Pre-installation Environment (Windows PE). When the computer fails to start, Windows automatically transitions into this environment, and the Startup Repair tool in Windows RE automates the diagnosis and repair of an unbootable Windows installation. Windows RE also contains the drivers and tools that are needed to unlock a volume protected by BitLocker by providing a recovery key or recovery password. To use Windows RE in conjunction with BitLocker, the Windows RE boot image must reside on a volume that is not protected by BitLocker.
@ -135,29 +137,29 @@ Windows RE can also be used from boot media other than the local hard disk. If y
## BitLocker provisioning
In Windows Vista and Windows 7, BitLocker was provisioned post installation for system and data volumes through either the manage-bde command line interface or the Control Panel user interface. With newer operating systems, BitLocker can be easily provisioned before the operating system is installed. Preprovisioning requires that the computer have a TPM.
In Windows Vista and Windows 7, BitLocker was provisioned post-installation for system and data volumes through either the manage-bde command line interface or the Control Panel user interface. With newer operating systems, BitLocker can be easily provisioned before the operating system is installed. Preprovisioning requires the computer to have a TPM.
To check the BitLocker status of a particular volume, administrators can look at the status of the drive in the BitLocker control panel applet or Windows Explorer. A status of "Waiting For Activation" with a yellow exclamation icon means that the drive was preprovisioned for BitLocker. This status means that there was only a clear protector used when encrypting the volume. In this case, the volume is not protected and needs to have a secure key added to the volume before the drive is considered fully protected. Administrators can use the control panel options, manage-bde tool or WMI APIs to add an appropriate key protector and the volume status will be updated.
To check the BitLocker status of a particular volume, administrators can look at the status of the drive in the BitLocker control panel applet or Windows Explorer. A status of "Waiting For Activation" with a yellow exclamation icon means that the drive was preprovisioned for BitLocker. This status means that there was only a clear protector used when encrypting the volume. In this case, the volume is not protected and needs to have a secure key added to the it before the drive is considered fully protected. Administrators can use the Control Panel options, manage-bde tool or WMI APIs to add an appropriate key protector, and the volume status will be updated.
When using the control panel options, administrators can choose to **Turn on BitLocker** and follow the steps in the wizard to add a protector, such as a PIN for an operating system volume (or a password if no TPM exists), or a password or smart card protector to a data volume. Then the drive security window is presented prior to changing the volume status.
When using the Control Panel options, administrators can choose to **Turn on BitLocker** and follow the steps in the wizard to add a protector, such as a PIN for an operating system volume (or a password if no TPM exists), or a password or smart card protector to a data volume. Then, the drive security window is presented prior to changing the volume status.
Administrators can enable BitLocker prior to operating system deployment from the Windows Pre-installation Environment (WinPE). This is done with a randomly generated clear key protector applied to the formatted volume and encrypting the volume prior to running the Windows setup process. If the encryption uses the Used Disk Space Only option this step takes only a few seconds and so incorporates well into regular deployment processes.
Administrators can enable BitLocker prior to operating system deployment from the Windows Pre-installation Environment (WinPE). This is done with a randomly generated clear key protector being applied to the formatted volume and made to encrypt the volume prior to running the Windows setup process (**Question: Is the change made to this sentence complying the intended meaning?**. If the encryption uses the **Used Disk Space Only** option, this step takes only a few seconds, and therefore, incorporates well into regular deployment processes.
## Used Disk Space Only encryption
The BitLocker Setup wizard provides administrators the ability to choose the Used Disk Space Only or Full encryption method when enabling BitLocker for a volume. Administrators can use the new BitLocker Group Policy setting to enforce either Used Disk Space Only or Full disk encryption.
The BitLocker Setup wizard provides administrators the ability to choose the Used Disk Space Only or Full encryption method when enabling BitLocker for a volume. Administrators can use the new BitLocker group policy setting to enforce either Used Disk Space Only or Full disk encryption.
Launching the BitLocker Setup wizard prompts for the authentication method to be used (password and smart card are available for data volumes). Once the method is chosen and the recovery key is saved, you are asked to choose the drive encryption type, either Used Disk Space Only or Full drive encryption.
Used Disk Space Only means that only the portion of the drive that contains data will be encrypted, unused space will remain unencrypted. This causes the encryption process to be much faster, especially for new PCs and data drives. When BitLocker is enabled with this method as data is added to the drive the portion of the drive used will be encrypted, so there is never unencrypted data stored on the drive.
Used Disk Space Only means that only the portion of the drive that contains data is encrypted, and that the unused space remains unencrypted. This causes the encryption process to be much faster, especially for new PCs and data drives. When BitLocker is enabled with this method on data being added to the drive, the portion of the drive used is encrypted; thus, there is never unencrypted data stored on the drive.
Full drive encryption means that the entire drive will be encrypted, regardless of whether data is stored on it or not. This is useful for drives that have been repurposed and may contain data remnants from their previous use.
Full drive encryption means that the entire drive is encrypted, regardless of whether data is stored on it or not. This is useful for drives that have been repurposed and that may contain data remnants from their previous use.
## Active Directory Domain Services considerations
BitLocker integrates with Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) to provide centralized key management. By default, no recovery information is backed up to Active Directory. Administrators can configure the following Group Policy setting for each drive type to enable backup of BitLocker recovery information:
BitLocker integrates with Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) to provide centralized key management. By default, no recovery information is backed up to Active Directory. Administrators can configure the following group policy setting for each drive type to enable backup of BitLocker recovery information:
Computer Configuration\\Administrative Templates\\Windows Components\\BitLocker Drive Encryption\\*drive type*\\Choose how BitLocker protected drives can be recovered.
<b>Computer Configuration\\Administrative Templates\\Windows Components\\BitLocker Drive Encryption\\*drive type*\\</b>Choose how BitLocker-protected drives can be recovered.
By default, only Domain Admins have access to BitLocker recovery information, but [access can be delegated to others](https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/craigf/2011/01/26/delegating-access-in-ad-to-bitlocker-recovery-information/).
@ -169,28 +171,28 @@ The following recovery data is saved for each computer object:
- **Key package data**
With this key package and the recovery password, you will be able decrypt portions of a BitLocker-protected volume if the disk is severely damaged. Each key package will only work with the volume it was created on, which can be identified by the corresponding volume ID.
With this key package and the recovery password, you will be able to decrypt portions of a BitLocker-protected volume if the disk is severely damaged. Each key package works only with the volume it was created on, which is identified by the corresponding volume ID.
## FIPS support for recovery password protector
Functionality introduced in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1, allows BitLocker to be fully functional in FIPS mode.
Functionality introduced in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1 allows BitLocker to be fully functional in FIPS mode.
> [!NOTE]
> The United States Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) defines security and interoperability requirements for computer systems that are used by the U.S. federal government. The FIPS 140 standard defines approved cryptographic algorithms. The FIPS 140 standard also sets forth requirements for key generation and for key management. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses the Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) to determine whether a particular implementation of a cryptographic algorithm is compliant with the FIPS 140 standard. An implementation of a cryptographic algorithm is considered FIPS 140-compliant only if it has been submitted for and has passed NIST validation. An algorithm that has not been submitted cannot be considered FIPS-compliant even if the implementation produces identical data as a validated implementation of the same algorithm.
> The United States Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) defines security and interoperability requirements for computer systems that are used by the U.S. Federal Government. The FIPS-140 standard defines approved cryptographic algorithms. The FIPS-140 standard also sets forth requirements for key generation and for key management. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses the Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) to determine whether a particular implementation of a cryptographic algorithm is compliant with the FIPS-140 standard. An implementation of a cryptographic algorithm is considered FIPS-140-compliant only if it has been submitted for and has passed NIST validation. An algorithm that has not been submitted cannot be considered FIPS-compliant even if the implementation produces identical data as a validated implementation of the same algorithm.
Prior to these supported versions of Windows, when Windows was in FIPS mode, BitLocker prevented the creation or use of recovery passwords and instead forced the user to use recovery keys. For more information about these issues, see the support article [kb947249](https://support.microsoft.com/kb/947249).
But on computers running these supported systems with BitLocker enabled:
- FIPS-compliant recovery password protectors can be created when Windows is in FIPS mode. These protectors use the FIPS 140 NIST SP800-132 algorithm.
- FIPS-compliant recovery password protectors can be created when Windows is in FIPS mode. These protectors use the FIPS-140 NIST SP800-132 algorithm.
- Recovery passwords created in FIPS mode on Windows 8.1 can be distinguished from recovery passwords created on other systems.
- Recovery unlock using the FIPS-compliant algorithm based recovery password protector work in all cases that currently work for recovery passwords.
- When FIPS-compliant recovery passwords unlock volumes, the volume is unlocked to allow read/write access even while in FIPS mode.
- Recovery unlock using the FIPS-compliant algorithm-based recovery password protector works in all cases that currently work for recovery passwords (**Question: Is this edited sentence conveying the intended meaning?**.
- When FIPS-compliant recovery passwords unlock volumes, the volume is allowed read/write access even while in FIPS mode.
- FIPS-compliant recovery password protectors can be exported and stored in AD a while in FIPS mode.
The BitLocker Group Policy settings for recovery passwords work the same for all Windows versions that support BitLocker, whether in FIPs mode or not.
The BitLocker Group Policy settings for recovery passwords work the same for all Windows versions that support BitLocker, whether in FIPS mode or not.
However, you cannot use recovery passwords generated on a system in FIPS mode for systems earlier than Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1. Recovery passwords created on Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1 are incompatible with BitLocker on operating systems prior to Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1; so recovery keys should be used instead.
However, you cannot use recovery passwords generated on a system in FIPS mode for systems earlier than Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1. Recovery passwords created on Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1 are incompatible with BitLocker on operating systems prior to Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1; therefore, recovery keys should be used, instead.
## More information